extract reusable display bits into yaxpeax-arch, add a visitor fn to Operand

comes with deleting the body of impl Colorize for Operand, because we can reuse the normal operand formatting code

5 files changed, 99 insertions, 1312 deletions

diff --git a/src/display.rs b/src/display.rs
index 9b72cb3..e69de29 100644
--- a/src/display.rs
+++ b/src/display.rs
@@ -1,1076 +0,0 @@
-use core::fmt;
-
-use crate::safer_unchecked::unreachable_kinda_unchecked;
-
-extern crate alloc;
-
-// TODO: find a better place to put this....
-fn c_to_hex(c: u8) -> u8 {
-    /*
-    static CHARSET: &'static [u8; 16] = b"0123456789abcdef";
-    CHARSET[c as usize]
-    */
-    // the conditional branch below is faster than a lookup, yes
-    if c < 10 {
-        b'0' + c
-    } else {
-        b'a' + c - 10
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum TokenType {
-    Mnemonic,
-    Operand,
-    Immediate,
-    Register,
-    Offset,
-}
-
-/// `DisplaySink` allows client code to collect output and minimal markup. this is currently used
-/// in formatting instructions for two reasons:
-/// * `DisplaySink` implementations have the opportunity to collect starts and ends of tokens at
-///   the same time as collecting output itself.
-/// * `DisplaySink` implementations provides specialized functions for writing strings in
-///   circumstances where a simple "use `core::fmt`" might incur unwanted overhead.
-///
-/// spans are reported through `span_start` and `span_exit` to avoid constraining implementations
-/// into tracking current output offset (which may not be knowable) or span size (which may be
-/// knowable, but incur additional overhead to compute or track).
-///
-/// spans are entered and exited in a FILO manner: a function writing to some `DisplaySink` must
-/// exit spans in reverse order to when they are entered. a function sequence like
-/// `sink.span_start(Operand); sink.span_start(Immediate); sink.span_exit(Operand)` is in error.
-///
-/// the `write_*` helpers on `DisplaySink` may be able to take advantage of contraints described in
-/// documentation here to better support writing some kinds of inputs than a fully-general solution
-/// (such as `core::fmt`) might be able to yield.
-///
-/// currently there are two motivating factors for `write_*` helpers:
-///
-/// instruction formatting often involves writing small but variable-size strings, such as register
-/// names, which is something of a pathological case for string appending as Rust currently exists:
-/// this often becomes `memcpy` and specifically a call to the platform's `memcpy` (rather than an
-/// inlined `rep movsb`) just to move 3-5 bytes. one relevant Rust issue for reference:
-/// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/92993#issuecomment-2028915232
-///
-/// there are similar papercuts around formatting integers as base-16 numbers, such as
-/// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/122770 . in isolation and in most applications these are
-/// not a significant source of overhead. but for programs bounded on decoding and printing
-/// instructions, these can add up to significant overhead - on the order of 10-20% of total
-/// runtime.
-///
-/// `DisplaySink`
-pub trait DisplaySink: fmt::Write {
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_fixed_size(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.write_str(s)
-    }
-
-    /// write a string to this sink that is less than 32 bytes. this is provided for optimization
-    /// opportunities when writing a variable-length string with known max size.
-    ///
-    /// SAFETY: the provided `s` must be less than 32 bytes. if the provided string is longer than
-    /// 31 bytes, implementations may only copy part of a multi-byte codepoint while writing to a
-    /// utf-8 string. this may corrupt Rust strings.
-    unsafe fn write_lt_32(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.write_str(s)
-    }
-    /// write a string to this sink that is less than 16 bytes. this is provided for optimization
-    /// opportunities when writing a variable-length string with known max size.
-    ///
-    /// SAFETY: the provided `s` must be less than 16 bytes. if the provided string is longer than
-    /// 15 bytes, implementations may only copy part of a multi-byte codepoint while writing to a
-    /// utf-8 string. this may corrupt Rust strings.
-    unsafe fn write_lt_16(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.write_str(s)
-    }
-    /// write a string to this sink that is less than 8 bytes. this is provided for optimization
-    /// opportunities when writing a variable-length string with known max size.
-    ///
-    /// SAFETY: the provided `s` must be less than 8 bytes. if the provided string is longer than
-    /// 7 bytes, implementations may only copy part of a multi-byte codepoint while writing to a
-    /// utf-8 string. this may corrupt Rust strings.
-    unsafe fn write_lt_8(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.write_str(s)
-    }
-
-    /// write a u8 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    fn write_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        write!(self, "{:x}", v)
-    }
-    /// write a u16 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    fn write_u16(&mut self, v: u16) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        write!(self, "{:x}", v)
-    }
-    /// write a u32 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    fn write_u32(&mut self, v: u32) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        write!(self, "{:x}", v)
-    }
-    /// write a u64 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    fn write_u64(&mut self, v: u64) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        write!(self, "{:x}", v)
-    }
-    /// enter a region inside which output corresponds to a `ty`.
-    ///
-    /// the default implementation of these functions is as a no-op. this way, providing span
-    /// information to a `DisplaySink` that does not want it is eliminated at compile time.
-    ///
-    /// spans are entered and ended in a FILO manner: a function writing to some `DisplaySink` must
-    /// end spans in reverse order to when they are entered. a function sequence like
-    /// `sink.span_start(Operand); sink.span_start(Immediate); sink.span_end(Operand)` is in error.
-    ///
-    /// a simple use of `span_start`/`span_end` might look something like:
-    /// ```compile_fail
-    /// sink.span_start(Operand)
-    /// sink.write_char('[')
-    /// sink.span_start(Register)
-    /// sink.write_fixed_size("rbp")
-    /// sink.span_end(Register)
-    /// sink.write_char(']')
-    /// sink.span_end(Operand)
-    /// ```
-    /// which writes the text `[rbp]`, with span indicators where the operand (`[ ... ]`) begins,
-    /// as well as the start and end of a register name.
-    fn span_start(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) { }
-    /// end a region where a `ty` was written. see docs on [`DisplaySink::span_start`] for more.
-    fn span_end(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) { }
-}
-
-pub struct NoColorsSink<'a, T: fmt::Write> {
-    pub out: &'a mut T,
-}
-
-impl<'a, T: fmt::Write> DisplaySink for NoColorsSink<'a, T> {
-    fn span_start(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) { }
-    fn span_end(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) { }
-}
-
-impl<'a, T: fmt::Write> fmt::Write for NoColorsSink<'a, T> {
-    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.out.write_str(s)
-    }
-    fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.out.write_char(c)
-    }
-    fn write_fmt(&mut self, f: fmt::Arguments) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.out.write_fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-/// this is an implementation detail of yaxpeax-arch and related crates. if you are a user of the
-/// disassemblers, do not use this struct. do not depend on this struct existing. this struct is
-/// not stable. this struct is not safe for general use. if you use this struct you and your
-/// program will be eaten by gremlins.
-///
-/// if you are implementing an instruction formatter for the yaxpeax family of crates: this struct
-/// is guaranteed to contain a string that is long enough to hold a fully-formatted instruction.
-/// because the buffer is guaranteed to be long enough, writes through `InstructionTextSink` are
-/// not bounds-checked, and the buffer is never grown.
-///
-/// this is wildly dangerous in general use. the public constructor of `InstructionTextSink` is
-/// unsafe as a result. as used in `InstructionFormatter`, the buffer is guaranteed to be
-/// `clear()`ed before use, `InstructionFormatter` ensures the buffer is large enough, *and*
-/// `InstructionFormatter` never allows `InstructionTextSink` to exist in a context where it would
-/// be written to without being rewound first.
-///
-/// because this opens a very large hole through which `fmt::Write` can become unsafe, incorrect
-/// uses of this struct will be hard to debug in general. `InstructionFormatter` is probably at the
-/// limit of easily-reasoned-about lifecycle of the buffer, which "only" leaves the problem of
-/// ensuring that instruction formatting impls this buffer is passed to are appropriately sized.
-///
-/// this is intended to be hidden in docs. if you see this in docs, it's a bug.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub(crate) struct InstructionTextSink<'buf> {
-    buf: &'buf mut alloc::string::String
-}
-
-impl<'buf> InstructionTextSink<'buf> {
-    pub unsafe fn new(buf: &'buf mut alloc::string::String) -> Self {
-        Self { buf }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'buf> fmt::Write for InstructionTextSink<'buf> {
-    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.buf.write_str(s)
-    }
-    fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + 1 {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_char would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-        // SAFETY: `buf` is assumed to be long enough to hold all input, `buf` at `underlying.len()`
-        // is valid for writing, but may be uninitialized.
-        //
-        // this function is essentially equivalent to `Vec::push` specialized for the case that
-        // `len < buf.capacity()`:
-        // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/be9e27e/library/alloc/src/vec/mod.rs#L1993-L2006
-        unsafe {
-            let underlying = self.buf.as_mut_vec();
-            // `InstructionTextSink::write_char` is only used by yaxpeax-x86, and is only used to
-            // write single ASCII characters. this is wrong in the general case, but `write_char`
-            // here is not going to be used in the general case.
-            if cfg!(debug_asertions) {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_char would truncate output");
-            }
-            let to_push = c as u8;
-            // `ptr::write` here because `underlying.add(underlying.len())` may not point to an
-            // initialized value, which would mean that turning that pointer into a `&mut u8` to
-            // store through would be UB. `ptr::write` avoids taking the mut ref.
-            underlying.as_mut_ptr().offset(underlying.len() as isize).write(to_push);
-            // we have initialized all (one) bytes that `set_len` is increasing the length to
-            // include.
-            underlying.set_len(underlying.len() + 1);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// this DisplaySink impl exists to support somewhat more performant buffering of the kinds of
-/// strings `yaxpeax-x86` uses in formatting instructions.
-impl DisplaySink for alloc::string::String {
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_fixed_size(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        self.reserve(s.len());
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        if new_bytes.len() == 0 {
-            unsafe { unreachable_kinda_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 16 {
-            unsafe { unreachable_kinda_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-
-            // this used to be enough to bamboozle llvm away from
-            // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/92993#issuecomment-2028915232
-            // if `s` is not fixed size. somewhere between Rust 1.68 and Rust 1.74 this stopped
-            // being sufficient, so `write_fixed_size` truly should only be used for fixed size `s`
-            // (otherwise this is a libc memcpy call in disguise). for fixed-size strings this
-            // unrolls into some kind of appropriate series of `mov`.
-            dest.offset(0 as isize).write(new_bytes[0]);
-            for i in 1..new_bytes.len() {
-                dest.offset(i as isize).write(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    unsafe fn write_lt_32(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        self.reserve(s.len());
-
-        // SAFETY: todo
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        // should get DCE
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 32 {
-            unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-            let src = new_bytes.as_ptr();
-
-            let rem = new_bytes.len() as isize;
-
-            // set_len early because there is no way to avoid the following asm!() writing that
-            // same number of bytes into buf
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-
-            core::arch::asm!(
-                "6:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 16",
-                "jb 7f",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 16]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 16], {buf:r}",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 8]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 8], {buf:r}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 16",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "7:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jb 8f",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 8]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 8], {buf:r}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "8:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jb 9f",
-                "mov {buf:e}, dword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 4]",
-                "mov dword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 4], {buf:e}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "9:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jb 10f",
-                "mov {buf:x}, word ptr [{src} + {rem} - 2]",
-                "mov word ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 2], {buf:x}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "10:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 1",
-                "jb 11f",
-                "mov {buf:l}, byte ptr [{src} + {rem} - 1]",
-                "mov byte ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 1], {buf:l}",
-                "11:",
-                src = in(reg) src,
-                dest = in(reg) dest,
-                rem = inout(reg) rem => _,
-                buf = out(reg) _,
-                options(nostack),
-            );
-        }
-        /*
-        for i in 0..new_bytes.len() {
-            unsafe {
-                buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize).offset(i as isize).write_volatile(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        */
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    unsafe fn write_lt_16(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        self.reserve(s.len());
-
-        // SAFETY: todo
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        // should get DCE
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 16 {
-            unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-            let src = new_bytes.as_ptr();
-
-            let rem = new_bytes.len() as isize;
-
-            // set_len early because there is no way to avoid the following asm!() writing that
-            // same number of bytes into buf
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-
-            core::arch::asm!(
-                "7:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jb 8f",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 8]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 8], {buf:r}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "8:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jb 9f",
-                "mov {buf:e}, dword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 4]",
-                "mov dword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 4], {buf:e}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "9:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jb 10f",
-                "mov {buf:x}, word ptr [{src} + {rem} - 2]",
-                "mov word ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 2], {buf:x}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "10:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 1",
-                "jb 11f",
-                "mov {buf:l}, byte ptr [{src} + {rem} - 1]",
-                "mov byte ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 1], {buf:l}",
-                "11:",
-                src = in(reg) src,
-                dest = in(reg) dest,
-                rem = inout(reg) rem => _,
-                buf = out(reg) _,
-                options(nostack),
-            );
-        }
-        /*
-        for i in 0..new_bytes.len() {
-            unsafe {
-                buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize).offset(i as isize).write_volatile(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        */
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    unsafe fn write_lt_8(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        self.reserve(s.len());
-
-        // SAFETY: todo
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        // should get DCE
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 8 {
-            unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-            let src = new_bytes.as_ptr();
-
-            let rem = new_bytes.len() as isize;
-
-            // set_len early because there is no way to avoid the following asm!() writing that
-            // same number of bytes into buf
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-
-            core::arch::asm!(
-                "8:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jb 9f",
-                "mov {buf:e}, dword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 4]",
-                "mov dword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 4], {buf:e}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "9:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jb 10f",
-                "mov {buf:x}, word ptr [{src} + {rem} - 2]",
-                "mov word ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 2], {buf:x}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "10:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 1",
-                "jb 11f",
-                "mov {buf:l}, byte ptr [{src} + {rem} - 1]",
-                "mov byte ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 1], {buf:l}",
-                "11:",
-                src = in(reg) src,
-                dest = in(reg) dest,
-                rem = inout(reg) rem => _,
-                buf = out(reg) _,
-                options(nostack),
-            );
-        }
-        /*
-        for i in 0..new_bytes.len() {
-            unsafe {
-                buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize).offset(i as isize).write_volatile(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        */
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u8 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u8(&mut self, mut v: u8) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((8 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        self.reserve(printed_size);
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u16 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u16(&mut self, mut v: u16) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((16 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        self.reserve(printed_size);
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u32 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u32(&mut self, mut v: u32) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((32 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        self.reserve(printed_size);
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u64 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u64(&mut self, mut v: u64) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((64 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        self.reserve(printed_size);
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn span_start(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) {}
-    fn span_end(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) {}
-}
-
-impl<'buf> DisplaySink for InstructionTextSink<'buf> {
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_fixed_size(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + s.len() {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_fixed_size would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        if new_bytes.len() == 0 {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 16 {
-            unsafe { unreachable_kinda_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-
-            // this used to be enough to bamboozle llvm away from
-            // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/92993#issuecomment-2028915232https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/92993#issuecomment-2028915232
-            // if `s` is not fixed size. somewhere between Rust 1.68 and Rust 1.74 this stopped
-            // being sufficient, so `write_fixed_size` truly should only be used for fixed size `s`
-            // (otherwise this is a libc memcpy call in disguise). for fixed-size strings this
-            // unrolls into some kind of appropriate series of `mov`.
-            dest.offset(0 as isize).write(new_bytes[0]);
-            for i in 1..new_bytes.len() {
-                dest.offset(i as isize).write(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    unsafe fn write_lt_32(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + s.len() {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_lt_32 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // SAFETY: todo
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        // should get DCE
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 32 {
-            unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-            let src = new_bytes.as_ptr();
-
-            let rem = new_bytes.len() as isize;
-
-            // set_len early because there is no way to avoid the following asm!() writing that
-            // same number of bytes into buf
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-
-            core::arch::asm!(
-                "6:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 16",
-                "jb 7f",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 16]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 16], {buf:r}",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 8]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 8], {buf:r}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 16",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "7:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jb 8f",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 8]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 8], {buf:r}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "8:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jb 9f",
-                "mov {buf:e}, dword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 4]",
-                "mov dword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 4], {buf:e}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "9:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jb 10f",
-                "mov {buf:x}, word ptr [{src} + {rem} - 2]",
-                "mov word ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 2], {buf:x}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "10:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 1",
-                "jb 11f",
-                "mov {buf:l}, byte ptr [{src} + {rem} - 1]",
-                "mov byte ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 1], {buf:l}",
-                "11:",
-                src = in(reg) src,
-                dest = in(reg) dest,
-                rem = inout(reg) rem => _,
-                buf = out(reg) _,
-                options(nostack),
-            );
-        }
-        /*
-        for i in 0..new_bytes.len() {
-            unsafe {
-                buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize).offset(i as isize).write_volatile(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        */
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    unsafe fn write_lt_16(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + s.len() {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_lt_16 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // SAFETY: todo
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        // should get DCE
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 16 {
-            unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-            let src = new_bytes.as_ptr();
-
-            let rem = new_bytes.len() as isize;
-
-            // set_len early because there is no way to avoid the following asm!() writing that
-            // same number of bytes into buf
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-
-            core::arch::asm!(
-                "7:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jb 8f",
-                "mov {buf:r}, qword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 8]",
-                "mov qword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 8], {buf:r}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 8",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "8:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jb 9f",
-                "mov {buf:e}, dword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 4]",
-                "mov dword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 4], {buf:e}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "9:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jb 10f",
-                "mov {buf:x}, word ptr [{src} + {rem} - 2]",
-                "mov word ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 2], {buf:x}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "10:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 1",
-                "jb 11f",
-                "mov {buf:l}, byte ptr [{src} + {rem} - 1]",
-                "mov byte ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 1], {buf:l}",
-                "11:",
-                src = in(reg) src,
-                dest = in(reg) dest,
-                rem = inout(reg) rem => _,
-                buf = out(reg) _,
-                options(nostack),
-            );
-        }
-        /*
-        for i in 0..new_bytes.len() {
-            unsafe {
-                buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize).offset(i as isize).write_volatile(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        */
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    unsafe fn write_lt_8(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + s.len() {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_lt_8 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        // SAFETY: todo
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_bytes = s.as_bytes();
-
-        // should get DCE
-        if new_bytes.len() >= 8 {
-            unsafe { core::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            let dest = buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize);
-            let src = new_bytes.as_ptr();
-
-            let rem = new_bytes.len() as isize;
-
-            // set_len early because there is no way to avoid the following asm!() writing that
-            // same number of bytes into buf
-            buf.set_len(buf.len() + new_bytes.len());
-
-            core::arch::asm!(
-                "8:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jb 9f",
-                "mov {buf:e}, dword ptr [{src} + {rem} - 4]",
-                "mov dword ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 4], {buf:e}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 4",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "9:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jb 10f",
-                "mov {buf:x}, word ptr [{src} + {rem} - 2]",
-                "mov word ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 2], {buf:x}",
-                "sub {rem:e}, 2",
-                "jz 11f",
-                "10:",
-                "cmp {rem:e}, 1",
-                "jb 11f",
-                "mov {buf:l}, byte ptr [{src} + {rem} - 1]",
-                "mov byte ptr [{dest} + {rem} - 1], {buf:l}",
-                "11:",
-                src = in(reg) src,
-                dest = in(reg) dest,
-                rem = inout(reg) rem => _,
-                buf = out(reg) _,
-                options(nostack),
-            );
-        }
-        /*
-        for i in 0..new_bytes.len() {
-            unsafe {
-                buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(buf.len() as isize).offset(i as isize).write_volatile(new_bytes[i]);
-            }
-        }
-        */
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u8 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u8(&mut self, mut v: u8) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((8 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + printed_size {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_u8 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u16 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u16(&mut self, mut v: u16) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((16 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + printed_size {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_u16 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u32 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u32(&mut self, mut v: u32) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((32 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + printed_size {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_u32 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    /// write a u64 to the output as a base-16 integer.
-    ///
-    /// this is provided for optimization opportunities when the formatted integer can be written
-    /// directly to the sink (rather than formatted to an intermediate buffer and output as a
-    /// followup step)
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn write_u64(&mut self, mut v: u64) -> Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
-        if v == 0 {
-            return self.write_fixed_size("0");
-        }
-
-        // we can fairly easily predict the size of a formatted string here with lzcnt, which also
-        // means we can write directly into the correct offsets of the output string.
-        let printed_size = ((64 - v.leading_zeros() + 3) >> 2) as usize;
-
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
-            if self.buf.capacity() < self.buf.len() + printed_size {
-                panic!("InstructionTextSink::write_u64 would overflow output");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let buf = unsafe { self.buf.as_mut_vec() };
-        let new_len = buf.len() + printed_size;
-
-        unsafe {
-            buf.set_len(new_len);
-        }
-        let mut p = unsafe { buf.as_mut_ptr().offset(new_len as isize) };
-
-        loop {
-            let digit = v % 16;
-            let c = c_to_hex(digit as u8);
-            unsafe {
-                p = p.offset(-1);
-                p.write(c);
-            }
-            v = v / 16;
-            if v == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn span_start(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) {}
-    fn span_end(&mut self, _ty: TokenType) {}
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 491b6f0..a7b8531 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -139,8 +139,6 @@ pub mod real_mode;
 pub use real_mode::Arch as x86_16;
 
 mod safer_unchecked;
-#[cfg(feature = "fmt")]
-pub mod display;
 
 const MEM_SIZE_STRINGS: [&'static str; 65] = [
     "BUG",
diff --git a/src/long_mode/display.rs b/src/long_mode/display.rs
index 3615538..18314ab 100644
--- a/src/long_mode/display.rs
+++ b/src/long_mode/display.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 use core::fmt;
 
 use yaxpeax_arch::{Colorize, ShowContextual, NoColors, YaxColors};
-use yaxpeax_arch::display::*;
 
 use crate::safer_unchecked::GetSaferUnchecked as _;
 use crate::MEM_SIZE_STRINGS;
 use crate::long_mode::{RegSpec, Opcode, Operand, MergeMode, InstDecoder, Instruction, Segment, PrefixRex, OperandSpec};
 
-use crate::display::DisplaySink;
-use crate::display::TokenType;
+use yaxpeax_arch::display::DisplaySink;
 
 impl fmt::Display for InstDecoder {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
@@ -166,202 +164,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for Operand {
 
 impl <T: fmt::Write, Y: YaxColors> Colorize<T, Y> for Operand {
     fn colorize(&self, colors: &Y, f: &mut T) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            &Operand::ImmediateU8(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}", colors.number(u8_hex(imm)))
-            }
-            &Operand::ImmediateI8(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}",
-                    colors.number(signed_i8_hex(imm)))
-            },
-            &Operand::ImmediateU16(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}", colors.number(u16_hex(imm)))
-            }
-            &Operand::ImmediateI16(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}",
-                    colors.number(signed_i16_hex(imm)))
-            },
-            &Operand::ImmediateU32(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}", colors.number(u32_hex(imm)))
-            }
-            &Operand::ImmediateI32(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}",
-                    colors.number(signed_i32_hex(imm)))
-            },
-            &Operand::ImmediateU64(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}", colors.number(u64_hex(imm)))
-            }
-            &Operand::ImmediateI64(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "{}",
-                    colors.number(signed_i64_hex(imm)))
-            },
-            &Operand::Register(ref spec) => {
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(spec))
-            }
-            &Operand::RegisterMaskMerge(ref spec, ref mask, merge_mode) => {
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(spec))?;
-                if mask.num != 0 {
-                    f.write_str("{")?;
-                    f.write_str(regspec_label(mask))?;
-                    f.write_str("}")?;
-                }
-                if let MergeMode::Zero = merge_mode {
-                    f.write_str("{z}")?;
-                }
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            &Operand::RegisterMaskMergeSae(ref spec, ref mask, merge_mode, sae_mode) => {
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(spec))?;
-                if mask.num != 0 {
-                    f.write_str("{")?;
-                    f.write_str(regspec_label(mask))?;
-                    f.write_str("}")?;
-                }
-                if let MergeMode::Zero = merge_mode {
-                    f.write_str("{z}")?;
-                }
-                f.write_str(sae_mode.label())?;
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            &Operand::RegisterMaskMergeSaeNoround(ref spec, ref mask, merge_mode) => {
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(spec))?;
-                if mask.num != 0 {
-                    f.write_str("{")?;
-                    f.write_str(regspec_label(mask))?;
-                    f.write_str("}")?;
-                }
-                if let MergeMode::Zero = merge_mode {
-                    f.write_str("{z}")?;
-                }
-                f.write_str("{sae}")?;
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            &Operand::DisplacementU32(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "[{}]", colors.address(u32_hex(imm)))
-            }
-            &Operand::DisplacementU64(imm) => {
-                write!(f, "[{}]", colors.address(u64_hex(imm)))
-            }
-            &Operand::RegDisp(ref spec, disp) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} ", regspec_label(spec))?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")
-            },
-            &Operand::RegDeref(ref spec) => {
-                f.write_str("[")?;
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(spec))?;
-                f.write_str("]")
-            },
-            &Operand::RegScale(ref spec, scale) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} * {}]",
-                    regspec_label(spec),
-                    colors.number(scale)
-                )
-            },
-            &Operand::RegScaleDisp(ref spec, scale, disp) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} * {} ",
-                    regspec_label(spec),
-                    colors.number(scale),
-                )?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")
-            },
-            &Operand::RegIndexBase(ref base, ref index) => {
-                f.write_str("[")?;
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(base))?;
-                f.write_str(" + ")?;
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(index))?;
-                f.write_str("]")
-            }
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseDisp(ref base, ref index, disp) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} + {} ",
-                    regspec_label(base),
-                    regspec_label(index),
-                )?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")
-            },
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseScale(ref base, ref index, scale) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} + {} * {}]",
-                    regspec_label(base),
-                    regspec_label(index),
-                    colors.number(scale)
-                )
-            }
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseScaleDisp(ref base, ref index, scale, disp) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} + {} * {} ",
-                    regspec_label(base),
-                    regspec_label(index),
-                    colors.number(scale),
-                )?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")
-            },
-            &Operand::RegDispMasked(ref spec, disp, ref mask_reg) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} ", regspec_label(spec))?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            },
-            &Operand::RegDerefMasked(ref spec, ref mask_reg) => {
-                f.write_str("[")?;
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(spec))?;
-                f.write_str("]")?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            },
-            &Operand::RegScaleMasked(ref spec, scale, ref mask_reg) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} * {}]",
-                    regspec_label(spec),
-                    colors.number(scale)
-                )?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            },
-            &Operand::RegScaleDispMasked(ref spec, scale, disp, ref mask_reg) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} * {} ",
-                    regspec_label(spec),
-                    colors.number(scale),
-                )?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            },
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseMasked(ref base, ref index, ref mask_reg) => {
-                f.write_str("[")?;
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(base))?;
-                f.write_str(" + ")?;
-                f.write_str(regspec_label(index))?;
-                f.write_str("]")?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            }
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseDispMasked(ref base, ref index, disp, ref mask_reg) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} + {} ",
-                    regspec_label(base),
-                    regspec_label(index),
-                )?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            },
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseScaleMasked(ref base, ref index, scale, ref mask_reg) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} + {} * {}]",
-                    regspec_label(base),
-                    regspec_label(index),
-                    colors.number(scale)
-                )?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            }
-            &Operand::RegIndexBaseScaleDispMasked(ref base, ref index, scale, disp, ref mask_reg) => {
-                write!(f, "[{} + {} * {} ",
-                    regspec_label(base),
-                    regspec_label(index),
-                    colors.number(scale),
-                )?;
-                format_number_i32(colors, f, disp, NumberStyleHint::HexSignedWithSignSplit)?;
-                write!(f, "]")?;
-                write!(f, "{{{}}}", regspec_label(mask_reg))
-            },
-            &Operand::Nothing => { Ok(()) },
-        }
+        let mut f = yaxpeax_arch::display::NoColorsSink {
+            out: f
+        };
+        let mut visitor = ColorizingOperandVisitor {
+            f: &mut f
+        };
+        self.visit(&mut visitor)
     }
 }
 
@@ -375,15 +184,15 @@ impl <T: DisplaySink> crate::long_mode::OperandVisitor for ColorizingOperandVisi
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_u8(&mut self, imm: u8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u8(imm)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_i8(&mut self, imm: i8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         let mut v = imm as u8;
         if imm < 0 {
             self.f.write_char('-')?;
@@ -391,20 +200,20 @@ impl <T: DisplaySink> crate::long_mode::OperandVisitor for ColorizingOperandVisi
         }
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u8(v)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_u16(&mut self, imm: u16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u16(imm)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_i16(&mut self, imm: i16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         let mut v = imm as u16;
         if imm < 0 {
             self.f.write_char('-')?;
@@ -412,19 +221,19 @@ impl <T: DisplaySink> crate::long_mode::OperandVisitor for ColorizingOperandVisi
         }
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u16(v)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_u32(&mut self, imm: u32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u32(imm)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     fn visit_i32(&mut self, imm: i32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         let mut v = imm as u32;
         if imm < 0 {
             self.f.write_char('-')?;
@@ -432,20 +241,20 @@ impl <T: DisplaySink> crate::long_mode::OperandVisitor for ColorizingOperandVisi
         }
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u32(v)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_u64(&mut self, imm: u64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u64(imm)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_i64(&mut self, imm: i64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_start_immediate();
         let mut v = imm as u64;
         if imm < 0 {
             self.f.write_char('-')?;
@@ -453,25 +262,25 @@ impl <T: DisplaySink> crate::long_mode::OperandVisitor for ColorizingOperandVisi
         }
         self.f.write_fixed_size("0x")?;
         self.f.write_u64(v)?;
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Immediate);
+        self.f.span_end_immediate();
         Ok(())
     }
     #[cfg_attr(feature="profiling", inline(never))]
     fn visit_reg(&mut self, reg: RegSpec) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Register);
+        self.f.span_start_register();
         unsafe { self.f.write_lt_8(regspec_label(&reg))?; }
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Register);
+        self.f.span_end_register();
         Ok(())
     }
     fn visit_reg_mask_merge(&mut self, spec: RegSpec, mask: RegSpec, merge_mode: MergeMode) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
-        self.f.span_start(TokenType::Register);
+        self.f.span_start_register();
         unsafe { self.f.write_lt_8(regspec_label(&spec))?; }
-        self.f.span_end(TokenType::Register);
+        self.f.span_end_register();
         if mask.num != 0 {
             self.f.write_fixed_size("{")?;
-            self.f.span_start(TokenType::Register);
+            self.f.span_start_register();
             unsafe { self.f.write_lt_8(regspec_label(&mask))?; }
-            self.f.span_end(TokenType::Register);
+            self.f.span_end_register();
             self.f.write_fixed_size("}")?;
         }
         if let MergeMode::Zero = merge_mode {
@@ -3923,20 +3732,30 @@ pub(crate) fn contextualize_c<T: DisplaySink>(instr: &Instruction, out: &mut T)
     }
 
     fn write_jmp_operand<T: fmt::Write>(op: Operand, out: &mut T) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut out = yaxpeax_arch::display::NoColorsSink {
+            out,
+        };
+        use core::fmt::Write;
         match op {
             Operand::ImmediateI8(rel) => {
-                if rel >= 0 {
-                    write!(out, "$+{}", (signed_i32_hex(rel as i32)))
+                let rel = if rel >= 0 {
+                    out.write_str("$+")?;
+                    rel as u8
                 } else {
-                    write!(out, "${}", (signed_i32_hex(rel as i32)))
-                }
+                    out.write_str("$-")?;
+                    rel.unsigned_abs()
+                };
+                out.write_prefixed_u8(rel)
             }
             Operand::ImmediateI32(rel) => {
-                if rel >= 0 {
-                    write!(out, "$+{}", (signed_i32_hex(rel)))
+                let rel = if rel >= 0 {
+                    out.write_str("$+")?;
+                    rel as u32
                 } else {
-                    write!(out, "${}", (signed_i32_hex(rel)))
-                }
+                    out.write_str("$-")?;
+                    rel.unsigned_abs()
+                };
+                out.write_prefixed_u32(rel)
             }
             other => {
                 write!(out, "{}", other)
@@ -4217,7 +4036,7 @@ impl <'instr, T: fmt::Write, Y: YaxColors> ShowContextual<u64, NoContext, T, Y>
             style,
         } = self;
 
-        let mut out = crate::display::NoColorsSink {
+        let mut out = yaxpeax_arch::display::NoColorsSink {
             out: out,
         };
 
@@ -4235,7 +4054,7 @@ impl <'instr, T: fmt::Write, Y: YaxColors> ShowContextual<u64, NoContext, T, Y>
 #[cfg(feature="std")]
 impl <T: fmt::Write, Y: YaxColors> ShowContextual<u64, [Option<alloc::string::String>], T, Y> for Instruction {
     fn contextualize(&self, colors: &Y, _address: u64, context: Option<&[Option<alloc::string::String>]>, out: &mut T) -> fmt::Result {
-        let mut out = crate::display::NoColorsSink {
+        let mut out = yaxpeax_arch::display::NoColorsSink {
             out,
         };
         let out = &mut out;
@@ -4539,11 +4358,11 @@ impl InstructionTextBuffer {
     /// into.
     ///
     /// SAFETY: callers must print at most one instruction into this handle.
-    unsafe fn write_handle(&mut self) -> crate::display::InstructionTextSink {
+    unsafe fn write_handle(&mut self) -> yaxpeax_arch::display::InstructionTextSink {
         self.content.clear();
         // Safety: `content` was just cleared, so writing begins at the start of the buffer.
         // `content`is large enough to hold a fully-formatted instruction (see
         // `InstructionTextBuffer::new`).
-        crate::display::InstructionTextSink::new(&mut self.content)
+        yaxpeax_arch::display::InstructionTextSink::new(&mut self.content)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/long_mode/mod.rs b/src/long_mode/mod.rs
index 9aeacdc..d66f59a 100644
--- a/src/long_mode/mod.rs
+++ b/src/long_mode/mod.rs
@@ -802,6 +802,52 @@ impl Operand {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// provided for parity with [`Instruction::visit_operand`]. this has little utility other than
+    /// to reuse an `OperandVisitor` on an `Operand` directly.
+    pub fn visit<T: OperandVisitor>(&self, visitor: &mut T) -> Result<T::Ok, T::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Operand::Nothing => {
+                visitor.visit_other()
+            }
+            Operand::Register(reg) => {
+                visitor.visit_reg(*reg)
+            }
+            Operand::RegDeref(reg) => {
+                visitor.visit_deref(*reg)
+            }
+            Operand::RegDisp(reg, disp) => {
+                visitor.visit_disp(*reg, *disp)
+            }
+            Operand::ImmediateI8(imm) => visitor.visit_i8(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateU8(imm) => visitor.visit_u8(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateI16(imm) => visitor.visit_i16(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateU16(imm) => visitor.visit_u16(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateI32(imm) => visitor.visit_i32(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateU32(imm) => visitor.visit_u32(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateI64(imm) => visitor.visit_i64(*imm),
+            Operand::ImmediateU64(imm) => visitor.visit_u64(*imm),
+            Operand::DisplacementU32(disp) => visitor.visit_abs_u32(*disp),
+            Operand::DisplacementU64(disp) => visitor.visit_abs_u64(*disp),
+            Operand::RegScale(reg, scale) => visitor.visit_reg_scale(*reg, *scale),
+            Operand::RegScaleDisp(reg, scale, disp) => visitor.visit_reg_scale_disp(*reg, *scale, *disp),
+            Operand::RegIndexBase(_, _) => { /* not actually reachable anymore */ visitor.visit_other() },
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseDisp(_, _, _) => { /* not actually reachable anymore */ visitor.visit_other() },
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseScale(base, index, scale) => visitor.visit_index_base_scale(*base, *index, *scale),
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseScaleDisp(base, index, scale, disp) => visitor.visit_index_base_scale_disp(*base, *index, *scale, *disp),
+            Operand::RegisterMaskMerge(reg, mask, merge) => visitor.visit_reg_mask_merge(*reg, *mask, *merge),
+            Operand::RegisterMaskMergeSae(reg, mask, merge, sae) => visitor.visit_reg_mask_merge_sae(*reg, *mask, *merge, *sae),
+            Operand::RegisterMaskMergeSaeNoround(reg, mask, merge) => visitor.visit_reg_mask_merge_sae_noround(*reg, *mask, *merge),
+            Operand::RegDerefMasked(reg, mask) => visitor.visit_reg_deref_masked(*reg, *mask),
+            Operand::RegDispMasked(reg, disp, mask) => visitor.visit_reg_disp_masked(*reg, *disp, *mask),
+            Operand::RegScaleMasked(reg, scale, mask) => visitor.visit_reg_scale_masked(*reg, *scale, *mask),
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseMasked(_, _, _) => { /* not actually reachable anymore */ visitor.visit_other() },
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseDispMasked(_, _, _, _) => { /* not actually reachable anymore */ visitor.visit_other() },
+            Operand::RegScaleDispMasked(base, scale, disp, mask) => visitor.visit_reg_scale_disp_masked(*base, *scale, *disp, *mask),
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseScaleMasked(base, index, scale, mask) => visitor.visit_index_base_scale_masked(*base, *index, *scale, *mask),
+            Operand::RegIndexBaseScaleDispMasked(base, index, scale, disp, mask) => visitor.visit_index_base_scale_disp_masked(*base, *index, *scale, *disp, *mask),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/test/long_mode/mod.rs b/test/long_mode/mod.rs
index 7742496..96c7c79 100644
--- a/test/long_mode/mod.rs
+++ b/test/long_mode/mod.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn test_display_under(decoder: &InstDecoder, data: &[u8], expected: &'static str
                     );
 
                     let mut text2 = String::new();
-                    let mut out = yaxpeax_x86::display::NoColorsSink {
+                    let mut out = yaxpeax_arch::display::NoColorsSink {
                         out: &mut text2,
                     };
                     instr.write_to(&mut out).expect("printing succeeds");